Endnotes
Download issueJames A. Michener,The Watermen: Selections from Chesapeake (New York: Random House, 1979), xvi.
John C. Pearson, “The Fish and Fisheries of Colonial Virginia,” The William and Mary Quarterly 22:4 (1942).
While “watermen” is the term traditionally used to describe these fishers, both men and women occupy these jobs.
“Who are watermen?,” The Mariners’ Museum, 2002.
Ayesha Rascoe, “Chesapeake crabbers face challenging workforce, murky future,” Reuters, October 13, 2015.
Sharon Behn, “Chesapeake on the Brink of Renewal — or Disaster?,” Chesapeake: Bay on the Brink, 2010.
Josh Bollinger, “Watermen face natural, regulator challenges,” The Star Democrat, February 13, 2014.
Steve Hendrix, “Will a great year for Chesapeake Bay crabs mean a great year for watermen?,” The Washington Post, June 19, 2016.
Ibid.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2015 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2015.
The 2015 weighted average poverty threshold for a family of four is $24,257. U.S. Census Bureau, “Poverty Thresholds for 2015 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years,” 2016.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Fishers and Related Fishing Workers, 2015.
David Bearinger, “Watermen of the Chesapeake,” Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 2015.
Oyster Reefs, NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office, 2016.
“Different Ways to Look at the Aging of U.S. Farmers,” The Farm Credit Council.
"On the Brink: Chesapeake’s Native Oysters,” Chesapeake Bay Foundation, 2010.
Ibid.
Scott Dance, “Chesapeake blue crab population grows 35 percent; DNR predicts ‘robust’ season,” The Baltimore Sun, April 12, 2016.
Conversation with Tom Murray, Associate Director for Advisory Services, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, March 16, 2016.
Mary Knudson and Tom Bowman, “Bay group urges ban on oystering, Foundation pushes repopulation effort”, The Baltimore Sun, June 13, 1991.
Mary Knudson, “State rejects push to ban bay oystering, New size limits, delays in season to be debated,” The Baltimore Sun, June 15, 1991.
Pamela D’Angelo, Can Oysters with No Sex Life Repopulate the Chesapeake Bay?, NPR, July 16, 2013.
Larry Chowning, “VMRC takes steps to eliminate part-time oystermen,” The Record Online, September 1, 2016.
Pertaining to Restrictions on Oyster Harvest, Chapter 4VAC 20-720-10 ET. SEQ., Virginia Marine Resources Commission, August 31, 2016.
Larry Chowning, “VMRC takes steps to eliminate part-time oystermen,” The Record Online, September 1, 2016.
Conversation with Tom Murray, Associate Director for Advisory Services, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, March 16, 2016.
Betty Joyce Nash, “The Fish Market”, Region Focus, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, 2011.
Fred Carroll, “Oysters: To Scrape or Rake?,” Daily Press, January 23, 2006.
Ibid.
Anita Blanton, “Virginia watermen fight mounting regulations,” WAVY, August 28, 2014.
Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, 2016.
TERRA 912: The Most Endangered Species in the Bay: The Waterman, LifeOnTerra, June 27, 2014.
Marcia Berman, “How long is Virginia’s shoreline?,” Virginia Institute of Marine Science, April 2, 2010.
Conversation with Susan Zellers, Executive Director, Marine Trades Association of Maryland, June 6, 2016.
Percentages do not sum to 100 because survey respondents could select more than one response.
The U.S. Small Business Administration defines small businesses in the finfish fishing industry as those with less than $20.5 million in average annual receipts and small businesses in the shellfish fishing industry as those with less than $5.5 million in average annual receipts. Marinas with less than $7.5 million in average annual receipts are classified as small businesses.
“Table of Small Business Size Standards Matched to North American Industry Classification System Codes,” U.S. Small Business Administration, 2016.
Conversation with Wendy Larimer, U.S. Legislative Coordinator, Association of Marine Industries, August 17, 2016.
Conversation with Wendy Larimer, U.S. Legislative Coordinator, Association of Marine Industries, August 17, 2016.
Rappahannock Community College – Marine Trades Vocational Training, Rappahannock Community College – Warsaw, 2016.
VA’s Watermen Tours Gain Insight from VASG Intern, Virginia Sea Grant, October 16, 2014.
Conversation with Paula Jasinksi, President, Chesapeake Environmental Communications, July 26, 2016.
Conversation with Paula Jasinksi, President, Chesapeake Environmental Communications, July 26, 2016.
VA’s Watermen Tours Gain Insight from VASG Intern, Virginia Sea Grant, October 16, 2014.
Build Your Tour, Virginia Watermen’s Heritage Tours, 2016.
Conversation with Paula Jasinksi, President, Chesapeake Environmental Communications, July 26, 2016.
What is Aquaculture?, NOAA Fisheries, 2016.
Conversation with Tom Murray, Associate Director for Advisory Services, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, March 16, 2016.
Robert S. Kallen, Kevin J. Morse, Daniel J. Grosse, Dorothy L. Leonard, “Small-Scale Oyster Farming for Chesapeake Watermen: A Sustainable Business Marketing Plan”, TerrAqua Environmental Science and Policy, LLC, 2001.
Debbie Mickle, “Tanks and Tables: Aquaculture Careers,” Community Idea Stations, August 10, 2016.
Conversation with Doug Lipton, Senior Research Economist, NOAA Fisheries, March 28, 2016.
Rona Kobell, “Aquaculture offers watermen new lease on their traditions,” Chesapeake Bay Journal, December 2010.
Conversation with Tom Murray, Associate Director for Advisory Services, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, March 16, 2016.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2015 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2015.
TERRA 912: The Most Endangered Species in the Bay: The Waterman, LifeOnTerra, June 27, 2014.
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